polyn_gf2m.cpp

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/*
 * (C) Copyright Projet SECRET, INRIA, Rocquencourt
 * (C) Bhaskar Biswas and  Nicolas Sendrier
 *
 * (C) 2014 cryptosource GmbH
 * (C) 2014 Falko Strenzke fstrenzke@cryptosource.de
 * (C) 2015 Jack Lloyd
 *
 * Botan is released under the Simplified BSD License (see license.txt)
 *
 */

#include <botan/polyn_gf2m.h>
#include <botan/internal/code_based_util.h>
#include <botan/internal/bit_ops.h>
#include <botan/rng.h>
#include <botan/exceptn.h>
#include <botan/loadstor.h>

namespace Botan {

namespace {

gf2m generate_gf2m_mask(gf2m a)
   {
   gf2m result =  (a != 0);
   return ~(result - 1);
   }

/**
* number of leading zeros
*/
unsigned nlz_16bit(uint16_t x)
   {
   unsigned n;
   if(x == 0) return 16;
   n = 0;
   if(x <= 0x00FF) {n = n + 8; x = x << 8;}
   if(x <= 0x0FFF) {n = n + 4; x = x << 4;}
   if(x <= 0x3FFF) {n = n + 2; x = x << 2;}
   if(x <= 0x7FFF) {n = n + 1;}
   return n;
   }
}

int polyn_gf2m::calc_degree_secure() const
   {
   int i = static_cast<int>(this->coeff.size()) - 1;
   int result = 0;
   uint32_t found_mask = 0;
   uint32_t tracker_mask = 0xffff;
   for( ; i >= 0; i--)
      {
      found_mask = expand_mask_16bit(this->coeff[i]);
      result |= i & found_mask & tracker_mask;
      // tracker mask shall become zero once found mask is set
      // it shall remain zero from then on
      tracker_mask = tracker_mask & ~found_mask;
      }
   const_cast<polyn_gf2m*>(this)->m_deg = result;
   return result;
   }

gf2m random_gf2m(RandomNumberGenerator& rng)
   {
   uint8_t b[2];
   rng.randomize(b, sizeof(b));
   return make_uint16(b[1], b[0]);
   }

gf2m random_code_element(uint16_t code_length, RandomNumberGenerator& rng)
   {
   if(code_length == 0)
      {
      throw Invalid_Argument("random_code_element() was supplied a code length of zero");
      }
   const unsigned nlz = nlz_16bit(code_length-1);
   const gf2m mask = (1 << (16-nlz)) - 1;

   gf2m result;

   do
      {
      result = random_gf2m(rng);
      result &= mask;
      } while(result >= code_length); // rejection sampling

   return result;
   }

polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(polyn_gf2m const& other)
   :m_deg(other.m_deg),
    coeff(other.coeff),
    m_sp_field(other.m_sp_field)
   { }

polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(int d, std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> sp_field)
   :m_deg(-1),
    coeff(d+1),
    m_sp_field(sp_field)
   {
   }

std::string polyn_gf2m::to_string() const
   {
   int d = get_degree();
   std::string result;
   for(int i = 0; i <= d; i ++)
      {
      result += std::to_string(this->coeff[i]);
      if(i != d)
         {
         result += ", ";
         }
      }
   return result;
   }
/**
* doesn't save coefficients:
*/
void polyn_gf2m::realloc(uint32_t new_size)
   {
   this->coeff = secure_vector<gf2m>(new_size);
   }

polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(const uint8_t* mem, uint32_t mem_len, std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> sp_field) :
   m_deg(-1), m_sp_field(sp_field)
   {
   if(mem_len % sizeof(gf2m))
      {
      throw Decoding_Error("illegal length of memory to decode ");
      }

   uint32_t size = (mem_len / sizeof(this->coeff[0])) ;
   this->coeff = secure_vector<gf2m>(size);
   this->m_deg = -1;
   for(uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
      {
      this->coeff[i] = decode_gf2m(mem);
      mem += sizeof(this->coeff[0]);
      }
   for(uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
      {
      if(this->coeff[i] >= (1 << sp_field->get_extension_degree()))
         {
         throw Decoding_Error("error decoding polynomial");
         }
      }
   this->get_degree();
   }


polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m( std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> sp_field) :
   m_deg(-1), coeff(1), m_sp_field(sp_field)
   {}

polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(int degree, const uint8_t* mem, size_t mem_byte_len, std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> sp_field)
   :m_sp_field(sp_field)
   {
   uint32_t j, k, l;
   gf2m a;
   uint32_t polyn_size;
   polyn_size = degree + 1;
   if(polyn_size * sp_field->get_extension_degree() > 8 * mem_byte_len)
      {
      throw Decoding_Error("memory vector for polynomial has wrong size");
      }
   this->coeff = secure_vector<gf2m>(degree+1);
   gf2m ext_deg = static_cast<gf2m>(this->m_sp_field->get_extension_degree());
   for (l = 0; l < polyn_size; l++)
      {
      k = (l * ext_deg) / 8;

      j = (l * ext_deg) % 8;
      a = mem[k] >> j;
      if (j + ext_deg > 8)
         {
         a ^= mem[k + 1] << (8- j);
         }
      if(j + ext_deg > 16)
         {
         a ^= mem[k + 2] << (16- j);
         }
      a &= ((1 << ext_deg) - 1);
      (*this).set_coef( l, a);
      }

   this->get_degree();
   }

#if 0
void polyn_gf2m::encode(uint32_t min_numo_coeffs, uint8_t* mem, uint32_t mem_len) const
   {
   uint32_t i;
   uint32_t numo_coeffs, needed_size;
   this->get_degree();
   numo_coeffs = (min_numo_coeffs > static_cast<uint32_t>(this->m_deg+1)) ? min_numo_coeffs : this->m_deg+1;
   needed_size = sizeof(this->coeff[0]) * numo_coeffs;
   if(mem_len < needed_size)
      {
      Invalid_Argument("provided memory too small to encode polynomial");
      }

   for(i = 0; i < numo_coeffs; i++)
      {
      gf2m to_enc;
      if(i >= static_cast<uint32_t>(this->m_deg+1))
         {
         /* encode a zero */
         to_enc = 0;
         }
      else
         {
         to_enc = this->coeff[i];
         }
      mem += encode_gf2m(to_enc, mem);
      }
   }
#endif


void polyn_gf2m::set_to_zero()
   {
   clear_mem(&this->coeff[0], this->coeff.size());
   this->m_deg = -1;
   }

int polyn_gf2m::get_degree() const
   {
   int d = static_cast<int>(this->coeff.size()) - 1;
   while ((d >= 0) && (this->coeff[d] == 0))
      --d;
   const_cast<polyn_gf2m*>(this)->m_deg = d;
   return d;
   }


static gf2m eval_aux(const gf2m * /*restrict*/ coeff, gf2m a, int d, std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> sp_field)
   {
   gf2m b;
   b = coeff[d--];
   for (; d >= 0; --d)
      if (b != 0)
         {
         b = sp_field->gf_mul(b, a) ^ coeff[d];
         }
      else
         {
         b = coeff[d];
         }
   return b;
   }

gf2m polyn_gf2m::eval(gf2m a)
   {
   return eval_aux(&this->coeff[0], a, this->m_deg, this->m_sp_field);
   }


// p will contain it's remainder modulo g
void polyn_gf2m::remainder(polyn_gf2m &p, const polyn_gf2m & g)
   {
   int i, j, d;
   std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> m_sp_field = g.m_sp_field;
   d = p.get_degree() - g.get_degree();
   if (d >= 0) {
   gf2m la = m_sp_field->gf_inv_rn(g.get_lead_coef());

   const int p_degree = p.get_degree();

   BOTAN_ASSERT(p_degree > 0, "Valid polynomial");

   for (i = p_degree; d >= 0; --i, --d) {
   if (p[i] != 0) {
   gf2m lb = m_sp_field->gf_mul_rrn(la, p[i]);
   for (j = 0; j < g.get_degree(); ++j)
      {
      p[j+d] ^= m_sp_field->gf_mul_zrz(lb, g[j]);
      }
   (*&p).set_coef( i, 0);
   }
   }
   p.set_degree( g.get_degree() - 1);
   while ((p.get_degree() >= 0) && (p[p.get_degree()] == 0))
      p.set_degree( p.get_degree() - 1);
   }
   }

std::vector<polyn_gf2m> polyn_gf2m::sqmod_init(const polyn_gf2m & g)
   {
   std::vector<polyn_gf2m> sq;
   const int signed_deg = g.get_degree();
   if(signed_deg <= 0)
      throw Invalid_Argument("cannot compute sqmod for such low degree");

   const uint32_t d = static_cast<uint32_t>(signed_deg);
   uint32_t t = g.m_deg;
   // create t zero polynomials
   uint32_t i;
   for (i = 0; i < t; ++i)
      {
      sq.push_back(polyn_gf2m(t+1, g.get_sp_field()));
      }
   for (i = 0; i < d / 2; ++i)
      {
      sq[i].set_degree( 2 * i);
      (*&sq[i]).set_coef( 2 * i, 1);
      }

   for (; i < d; ++i)
      {
      clear_mem(&sq[i].coeff[0], 2);
      copy_mem(&sq[i].coeff[0] + 2, &sq[i - 1].coeff[0], d);
      sq[i].set_degree( sq[i - 1].get_degree() + 2);
      polyn_gf2m::remainder(sq[i], g);
      }
   return sq;
   }

/*Modulo p square of a certain polynomial g, sq[] contains the square
Modulo g of the base canonical polynomials of degree < d, where d is
the degree of G. The table sq[] will be calculated by polyn_gf2m_sqmod_init*/
polyn_gf2m polyn_gf2m::sqmod( const std::vector<polyn_gf2m> & sq, int d)
   {
   int i, j;
   gf2m la;
   std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> sp_field = this->m_sp_field;

   polyn_gf2m result(d - 1, sp_field);
   // terms of low degree
   for (i = 0; i < d / 2; ++i)
      {
      (*&result).set_coef( i * 2, sp_field->gf_square((*this)[i]));
      }

   // terms of high degree
   for (; i < d; ++i)
      {
      gf2m lpi = (*this)[i];
      if (lpi != 0)
         {
         lpi = sp_field->gf_log(lpi);
         la = sp_field->gf_mul_rrr(lpi, lpi);
         for (j = 0; j < d; ++j)
            {
            result[j] ^= sp_field->gf_mul_zrz(la, sq[i][j]);
            }
         }
      }

   // Update degre
   result.set_degree( d - 1);
   while ((result.get_degree() >= 0) && (result[result.get_degree()] == 0))
      result.set_degree( result.get_degree() - 1);
   return result;
   }


// destructive
polyn_gf2m polyn_gf2m::gcd_aux(polyn_gf2m& p1, polyn_gf2m& p2)
   {
   if (p2.get_degree() == -1)
      return p1;
   else {
   polyn_gf2m::remainder(p1, p2);
   return polyn_gf2m::gcd_aux(p2, p1);
   }
   }


polyn_gf2m polyn_gf2m::gcd(polyn_gf2m const& p1, polyn_gf2m const& p2)
   {
   polyn_gf2m a(p1);
   polyn_gf2m b(p2);
   if (a.get_degree() < b.get_degree())
      {
      return polyn_gf2m(polyn_gf2m::gcd_aux(b, a));
      }
   else
      {
      return polyn_gf2m(polyn_gf2m::gcd_aux(a, b));
      }
   }





// Returns the degree of the smallest factor
size_t polyn_gf2m::degppf(const polyn_gf2m& g)
   {
   polyn_gf2m s(g.get_sp_field());

   const size_t ext_deg = g.m_sp_field->get_extension_degree();
   const int d = g.get_degree();
   std::vector<polyn_gf2m> u = polyn_gf2m::sqmod_init(g);

   polyn_gf2m p(d - 1, g.m_sp_field);

   p.set_degree(1);
   (*&p).set_coef(1, 1);
   size_t result = static_cast<size_t>(d);
   for(size_t i = 1; i <= (d / 2) * ext_deg; ++i)
      {
      polyn_gf2m r = p.sqmod(u, d);
      if ((i % ext_deg) == 0)
         {
         r[1] ^= 1;
         r.get_degree(); // The degree may change
         s = polyn_gf2m::gcd( g, r);

         if(s.get_degree() > 0)
            {
            result = i / ext_deg;
            break;
            }
         r[1] ^= 1;
         r.get_degree(); // The degree may change
         }
      // No need for the exchange s
      s = p;
      p = r;
      r = s;
      }

   return result;
   }

void polyn_gf2m::patchup_deg_secure( uint32_t trgt_deg, volatile gf2m patch_elem)
   {
   uint32_t i;
   if(this->coeff.size() < trgt_deg)
      {
      return;
      }
   for(i = 0; i < this->coeff.size(); i++)
      {
      uint32_t equal, equal_mask;
      this->coeff[i] |= patch_elem;
      equal = (i == trgt_deg);
      equal_mask = expand_mask_16bit(equal);
      patch_elem &= ~equal_mask;
      }
   this->calc_degree_secure();
   }
// We suppose m_deg(g) >= m_deg(p)
// v is the problem
std::pair<polyn_gf2m, polyn_gf2m> polyn_gf2m::eea_with_coefficients( const polyn_gf2m & p, const polyn_gf2m & g, int break_deg)
   {

   std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> m_sp_field = g.m_sp_field;
   int i, j, dr, du, delta;
   gf2m a;
   polyn_gf2m aux;

   // initialisation of the local variables
   // r0 <- g, r1 <- p, u0 <- 0, u1 <- 1
   dr = g.get_degree();

   BOTAN_ASSERT(dr > 3, "Valid polynomial");

   polyn_gf2m r0(dr, g.m_sp_field);
   polyn_gf2m r1(dr - 1, g.m_sp_field);
   polyn_gf2m u0(dr - 1, g.m_sp_field);
   polyn_gf2m u1(dr - 1, g.m_sp_field);

   r0 = g;
   r1 = p;
   u0.set_to_zero();
   u1.set_to_zero();
   (*&u1).set_coef( 0, 1);
   u1.set_degree( 0);


   // invariants:
   // r1 = u1 * p + v1 * g
   // r0 = u0 * p + v0 * g
   // and m_deg(u1) = m_deg(g) - m_deg(r0)
   // It stops when m_deg (r1) <t (m_deg (r0)> = t)
   // And therefore m_deg (u1) = m_deg (g) - m_deg (r0) <m_deg (g) - break_deg
   du = 0;
   dr = r1.get_degree();
   delta = r0.get_degree() - dr;


   while (dr >= break_deg)
      {

      for (j = delta; j >= 0; --j)
         {
         a = m_sp_field->gf_div(r0[dr + j], r1[dr]);
         if (a != 0)
            {
            gf2m la = m_sp_field->gf_log(a);
            // u0(z) <- u0(z) + a * u1(z) * z^j
            for (i = 0; i <= du; ++i)
               {
               u0[i + j] ^= m_sp_field->gf_mul_zrz(la, u1[i]);
               }
            // r0(z) <- r0(z) + a * r1(z) * z^j
            for (i = 0; i <= dr; ++i)
               {
               r0[i + j] ^= m_sp_field->gf_mul_zrz(la, r1[i]);
               }
            }
         } // end loop over j

      if(break_deg != 1) /* key eq. solving */
         {
         /* [ssms_icisc09] Countermeasure
         * d_break from paper equals break_deg - 1
         * */

         volatile gf2m fake_elem = 0x01;
         volatile gf2m cond1, cond2;
         int trgt_deg = r1.get_degree() - 1;
         r0.calc_degree_secure();
         u0.calc_degree_secure();
         if(!(g.get_degree() % 2))
            {
            /* t even */
            cond1 = r0.get_degree() < break_deg - 1;
            }
         else
            {
            /* t odd */
            cond1 =  r0.get_degree() < break_deg;
            cond2 =  u0.get_degree() < break_deg - 1;
            cond1 &= cond2;
            }
         /* expand cond1 to a full mask */
         gf2m mask = generate_gf2m_mask(cond1);
         fake_elem &= mask;
         r0.patchup_deg_secure(trgt_deg, fake_elem);
         }
      if(break_deg == 1) /* syndrome inversion */
         {
         volatile gf2m fake_elem = 0x00;
         volatile uint32_t trgt_deg = 0;
         r0.calc_degree_secure();
         u0.calc_degree_secure();
         /**
         * countermeasure against the low weight attacks for w=4, w=6 and w=8.
         * Higher values are not covered since for w=8 we already have a
         * probability for a positive of 1/n^3 from random ciphertexts with the
         * given weight. For w = 10 it would be 1/n^4 and so on. Thus attacks
         * based on such high values of w are considered impractical.
         *
         * The outer test for the degree of u ( Omega in the paper ) needs not to
         * be disguised. Each of the three is performed at most once per EEA
         * (syndrome inversion) execution, the attacker knows this already when
         * preparing the ciphertext with the given weight. Inside these three
         * cases however, we must use timing neutral (branch free) operations to
         * implement the condition detection and the counteractions.
         *
         */
         if(u0.get_degree() == 4)
            {
            uint32_t mask = 0;
            /**
            * Condition that the EEA would break now
            */
            int cond_r = r0.get_degree() == 0;
            /**
            * Now come the conditions for all odd coefficients of this sigma
            * candiate. If they are all fulfilled, then we know that we have a low
            * weight error vector, since the key-equation solving EEA is skipped if
            * the degree of tau^2 is low (=m_deg(u0)) and all its odd cofficients are
            * zero (they would cause "full-length" contributions from the square
            * root computation).
            */
            // Condition for the coefficient to Y to be cancelled out by the
            // addition of Y before the square root computation:
            int cond_u1 = m_sp_field->gf_mul(u0.coeff[1], m_sp_field->gf_inv(r0.coeff[0])) == 1;

            // Condition sigma_3 = 0:
            int cond_u3 = u0.coeff[3] == 0;
            // combine the conditions:
            cond_r &= (cond_u1 & cond_u3);
            // mask generation:
            mask = expand_mask_16bit(cond_r);
            trgt_deg = 2 & mask;
            fake_elem = 1 & mask;
            }
         else if(u0.get_degree() == 6)
            {
            uint32_t mask = 0;
            int cond_r= r0.get_degree() == 0;
            int cond_u1 = m_sp_field->gf_mul(u0.coeff[1], m_sp_field->gf_inv(r0.coeff[0])) == 1;
            int cond_u3 = u0.coeff[3] == 0;

            int cond_u5 = u0.coeff[5] == 0;

            cond_r &= (cond_u1 & cond_u3 & cond_u5);
            mask = expand_mask_16bit(cond_r);
            trgt_deg = 4 & mask;
            fake_elem = 1 & mask;
            }
         else if(u0.get_degree() == 8)
            {
            uint32_t mask = 0;
            int cond_r= r0.get_degree() == 0;
            int cond_u1 = m_sp_field->gf_mul(u0[1], m_sp_field->gf_inv(r0[0])) == 1;
            int cond_u3 = u0.coeff[3] == 0;

            int cond_u5 = u0.coeff[5] == 0;

            int cond_u7 = u0.coeff[7] == 0;

            cond_r &= (cond_u1 & cond_u3 & cond_u5 & cond_u7);
            mask = expand_mask_16bit(cond_r);
            trgt_deg = 6 & mask;
            fake_elem = 1 & mask;
            }
         r0.patchup_deg_secure(trgt_deg, fake_elem);
         }
      // exchange
      aux = r0; r0 = r1; r1 = aux;
      aux = u0; u0 = u1; u1 = aux;

      du = du + delta;
      delta = 1;
      while (r1[dr - delta] == 0)
         {
         delta++;
         }


      dr -= delta;
      } /* end  while loop (dr >= break_deg) */


   u1.set_degree( du);
   r1.set_degree( dr);
   //return u1 and r1;
   return std::make_pair(u1,r1); // coefficients u,v
   }

polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(size_t t, RandomNumberGenerator& rng, std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> sp_field)
   :m_deg(static_cast<int>(t)),
    coeff(t+1),
    m_sp_field(sp_field)
   {
   this->set_coef(t, 1);
   for(;;)
      {
      for(size_t i = 0; i < t; ++i)
         {
         this->set_coef(i, random_code_element(sp_field->get_cardinality(), rng));
         }

      const size_t degree = polyn_gf2m::degppf(*this);

      if(degree >= t)
         break;
      }
   }

void polyn_gf2m::poly_shiftmod( const polyn_gf2m & g)
   {
   if(g.get_degree() <= 1)
      {
      throw Invalid_Argument("shiftmod cannot be called on polynomials of degree 1 or less");
      }
   std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> field = g.m_sp_field;

   int t = g.get_degree();
   gf2m a = field->gf_div(this->coeff[t-1], g.coeff[t]);
   for (int i = t - 1; i > 0; --i)
      {
      this->coeff[i] = this->coeff[i - 1] ^ this->m_sp_field->gf_mul(a, g.coeff[i]);
      }
   this->coeff[0] = field->gf_mul(a, g.coeff[0]);
   }

std::vector<polyn_gf2m> polyn_gf2m::sqrt_mod_init(const polyn_gf2m & g)
   {
   uint32_t i, t;
   uint32_t nb_polyn_sqrt_mat;
   std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> m_sp_field = g.m_sp_field;
   std::vector<polyn_gf2m> result;
   t = g.get_degree();
   nb_polyn_sqrt_mat = t/2;

   std::vector<polyn_gf2m> sq_aux = polyn_gf2m::sqmod_init(g);


   polyn_gf2m p( t - 1, g.get_sp_field());
   p.set_degree( 1);

   (*&p).set_coef( 1, 1);
   // q(z) = 0, p(z) = z
   for (i = 0; i < t * m_sp_field->get_extension_degree() - 1; ++i)
      {
      // q(z) <- p(z)^2 mod g(z)
      polyn_gf2m q = p.sqmod(sq_aux, t);
      // q(z) <-> p(z)
      polyn_gf2m aux = q;
      q = p;
      p = aux;
      }
   // p(z) = z^(2^(tm-1)) mod g(z) = sqrt(z) mod g(z)

   for (i = 0; i < nb_polyn_sqrt_mat; ++i)
      {
      result.push_back(polyn_gf2m(t - 1, g.get_sp_field()));
      }

   result[0] = p;
   result[0].get_degree();
   for(i = 1; i < nb_polyn_sqrt_mat; i++)
      {
      result[i] = result[i - 1];
      result[i].poly_shiftmod(g),
         result[i].get_degree();
      }

   return result;
   }

std::vector<polyn_gf2m> syndrome_init(polyn_gf2m const& generator, std::vector<gf2m> const& support, int n)
   {
   int i,j,t;
   gf2m a;


   std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> m_sp_field = generator.m_sp_field;

   std::vector<polyn_gf2m> result;
   t = generator.get_degree();

   //g(z)=g_t+g_(t-1).z^(t-1)+......+g_1.z+g_0
   //f(z)=f_(t-1).z^(t-1)+......+f_1.z+f_0

   for(j=0;j<n;j++)
      {
      result.push_back(polyn_gf2m( t-1, m_sp_field));

      (*&result[j]).set_coef(t-1,1);
      for(i=t-2;i>=0;i--)
         {
         (*&result[j]).set_coef(i, (generator)[i+1]  ^
                                m_sp_field->gf_mul(lex_to_gray(support[j]),result[j][i+1]));
         }
      a = ((generator)[0] ^ m_sp_field->gf_mul(lex_to_gray(support[j]),result[j][0]));
      for(i=0;i<t;i++)
         {
         (*&result[j]).set_coef(i, m_sp_field->gf_div(result[j][i],a));
         }
      }
   return result;
   }

polyn_gf2m::polyn_gf2m(const secure_vector<uint8_t>& encoded, std::shared_ptr<GF2m_Field> sp_field )
   :m_sp_field(sp_field)
   {
   if(encoded.size() % 2)
      {
      throw Decoding_Error("encoded polynomial has odd length");
      }
   for(uint32_t i = 0; i < encoded.size(); i += 2)
      {
      gf2m el = (encoded[i] << 8) | encoded[i + 1];
      coeff.push_back(el);
      }
   get_degree();

   }
secure_vector<uint8_t> polyn_gf2m::encode() const
   {
   secure_vector<uint8_t> result;

   if(m_deg < 1)
      {
      result.push_back(0);
      result.push_back(0);
      return result;
      }

   uint32_t len = m_deg+1;
   for(unsigned i = 0; i < len; i++)
      {
      // "big endian" encoding of the GF(2^m) elements
      result.push_back(get_byte(0, coeff[i]));
      result.push_back(get_byte(1, coeff[i]));
      }
   return result;
   }

void polyn_gf2m::swap(polyn_gf2m& other)
   {
   std::swap(this->m_deg, other.m_deg);
   std::swap(this->m_sp_field, other.m_sp_field);
   std::swap(this->coeff, other.coeff);
   }

bool polyn_gf2m::operator==(const polyn_gf2m & other) const
   {
   if(m_deg != other.m_deg || coeff != other.coeff)
      {
      return false;
      }
   return true;
   }

}